(2002). And John and Sarah may even change their opinions about each other, forgetting that they really like each other as individuals, because they are now responding more as group members with opposing views. The results of these studies, as well as other studies like them, were clear: People perceive outgroups as more homogeneous than the ingroup. However, they do not necessarily show a reduction of bias against the outgroup. Taking the perspective of an individual from a stigmatized group has been shown to be effective in reducing prejudice [19] because it evokes feelings of similarity and affinity toward the other person. Think of a task that one of the social groups to which you belong is considered to be particularly good (or poor) at. Briefly describe the decategorization approach to intergroup contact. In short, Sarah is now arguing her points not so much for herself as she is as a representative of one of her ingroupsnamely, womenand John is acting as a representative of one of his ingroupsnamely, men. Also, there is not much knowledge about the extent to which these strategies are effective in situations outside of the laboratory. After working with the two coworkers for over a month under optimal conditions, the initially prejudiced white participants rated their coworkers highly in attractiveness, likeability, and competence. The out-group must not be so bad after all: the effects of disclosure, typicality, and salience on intergroup bias. Want to create or adapt books like this? (2010). We structure our lives around social relations with other people and with other groups. Complexity training and prejudice reduction. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). Prejudice has been shown to decrease when people are asked to provide concrete reasons for prejudiced beliefs. Discover trustworthy and timely resources in American government, politics, history, public policy and current affairs. Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. The short answer is that this process, what social psychologists call decategorization, is not a strong candidate for prejudice reduction, for at least three science-based reasons. 2010. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). 185-188 Available at: [Accessed 15 Nov 2022]. (1995). The conclusion is simple, if perhaps obvious: Social categorization is occurring all around us all the time. The model builds on two cognitive principles, balance-congruity and . (2000). Its almost as though our brains should struggle to look at a world devoid of social categories and only see people as individuals that exist outside of their social groups. Automatic category activation and social behaviour: The moderating role of prejudiced beliefs. DOI: 10.1177/1745691617752324, Pettigrew, T.F. At this point, we would probably not consider them to be acting as group members, but rather as two individuals. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. Indeed, people in disadvantaged groups don't appreciate it when the reality of their group membership is ignored. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. We sometimes think of our relationships with others at the individual level and sometimes at the group level. Intergroup interaction approaches to prejudice reduction refer to strategies in which members of one group are put in situations where they have to interact with members of another group that they may hold prejudiced beliefs about. Objects in the same category are likely to share certain attributes, and category membership allows inferences to be drawn. As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. Rather than trying to dissolve group identities, recategorization helps people realize that both of their groups are part of a larger group, uniting them while respecting and even celebrating. Diversity's business case doesn't add up. Even when we think we are being completely fair, we may nevertheless be using our stereotypes to condone discrimination (Chen & Bargh, 1999). These railroad studies took place in the American South during the 1960s, an especially challenging time and place with respect to interracial relations. Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., & Steele, C. M. (1999). The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. The participants were shown the list of all the statements that had been made, along with the pictures of each of the discussion group members, and were asked to indicate who had made each of the statements. However, in the West, little attention is drawn to the study of decategorization of nouns. Phelan, J. E., & Rudman, L. A. [35] There is little knowledge, however, of how such interventions influence children's behavior in actual intergroup interactions. WordSense Dictionary: decategorization - spelling, hyphenation, synonyms, translations, meanings & definitions. In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Color-blind ideologies maintain the status quo and are convenient for those with power, to the detriment of those with less power. Decategorization. [24] While this is helpful in reducing implicit prejudice, it is not necessarily successful at changing conscious attitudes. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. [22] However, suppression does not always reduce prejudice and sometimes has the opposite effect of increasing it.[23]. Bettencourt, B., Brewer, M. B., Croak, M. R., & Miller, N. (1992). Bodenhausen, G. V., Kramer, G. P., & Ssser, K. (1994). One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. These approaches only require that an individual be exposed to some relevant information and/or engage in an activity intended to reduce prejudice. Heres what we reveal when we speak, whether we mean to or not. (1979). But shortly after, he recommends, interactants should shift into using forms of categorization that make the group categories salient (or evident), so that positive interactions can then generalize to, or transfer to, ones interaction partners outgroup as a whole. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. Another way of making a particular group-based identity less salient is through recategorization. Ironic evaluation processes: effects of thought suppression on evaluations of older job applicants. Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. The present article introduces a model based on cognitive consistency principles to predict how new identities become integrated into the self-concept, with consequences for intergroup attitudes. Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., Hodson, G., Riek, B.M., Johnson, K.M., & Houlette, M. (2006). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 659670. This could lead to an underestimation of actual categorization strength. On the cognitive side, individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processing that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to suppress their stereotypical thoughts. [18] It is not clear if the decrease in prejudice extends beyond the disclosing individual to the social group to which that person belongs. Although thinking about others in terms of their social category memberships has some potential benefits for the person who does the categorizing, categorizing others, rather than treating them as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics, has a wide variety of negative, and often very unfair, outcomes for those who are categorized. Indeed, social categorization occurs so quickly that people may have difficulty not thinking about others in terms of their group memberships (see Figure 12.3). The notion of decategorization was first proposed by Hopper and Thompson (1984) and further studied by Heine, Claudi and Hunnemeyer (1991), Taylor (1995) etc. The male CEO publicly states: "Have no concerns, we don't see gender here." Levine, John M. and Michael A. Hogg. In Encyclopedia of group processes & intergroup relations (Vol. Hirschfeld, L. (1996). The expectation is that prejudice will decrease following a specified type of interaction. Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. More on that in a future column. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Some prejudice reduction strategies rely on creating a sense of internal conflict. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 523-548. Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. [37], Prejudice reduction strategies not often studied. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 2136. Fortunately, psychologists have other tools in the prejudice-reduction toolbox (see my previous column), including intergroup contact. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. In the classic analysis, the resulting pattern of error frequencies (same amount of within- and between-category errors) enters the analysis as evidence for "no categorization", while the pattern was caused at an earlier stage of the cognitive process. In Encyclopedia of Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, edited by Levine, John M., and Michael A. Hogg, 185-88. Despite the fact that billions of dollars are spent on diversity training a year,[36] workplace diversity training is not necessarily informed by prejudice reduction research, and its effectiveness in reducing prejudice has rarely been examined. But does it work? Recategorization and crossed categorization: The implications of group salience and representations for reducing bias. June 14, 2022; idioms for beautiful nature . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2010. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412972017.n57. Thus, in order to complete the task, team members have to work together, each sharing their unique information with the others. Another variation of cooperative learning is the competitive-cooperation method. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. In these studies, racially prejudiced white adults were hired to perform a railroad management task with two coworkers under the guise that they were employed at a real part-time job. According to Gordon Allport, who first proposed the theory, four conditions are necessary to reduce prejudice: equal status, common goals, cooperation, and institutional support. Attitude reconditioning. Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. Categorization In cognitive psychology, categorization focuses on how knowledge is organized. [2] According to this theory, when two groups realize that they have a common issue that can only be solved by pooling their resources together, they are more likely to engage in cooperative behaviors. Intergroup approaches to prejudice reduction have been studied a great deal in laboratory settings, as well as outside of the laboratory, particularly in schools. Similar to recategorization, crossed categorization is when individuals from opposing groups are made aware of the fact that they both simultaneously belong to a third separate group, and membership in this third group is emphasized. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. And salience on intergroup bias female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma,! You on other SAGE platforms by Levine, John M., & Duan, C. ( 2008 ), in... That prejudice will decrease following a specified type of interaction J. 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